博彩平台养
鹿鼠

范围及生境

的 range is transcontinental, 和 from Alaska to southern Mexico, except for the 美国东南部.S. In the Adirondacks the deer mouse is wide spread, occurring in all terrestrial habitats at all elevations. Mixed 和 mature deciduous forest with sparse ground cover harbor the largest populations. Deer mice construct spherical or cup-shaped nests of shredded plant fibers, fur, 和 feathers under logs, stumps, rocks in the ab和oned dens of other mammals, but prefers natural cavities of tress. 这个物种 is the most abundant small rodent of the region, 和 in autumn, often enters human 住宅.

Food 和 Feeding Behavior

的 omnivorous deer mouse uses its sharp incisors to gnaw through the hard coats 和 seeds 和 the chitinous exoskeleton of beetles. Small invertebrates such as insects, earthworms, 和 snails form an important part of the summer diet.

Fungi, fruit, 和 even carrion are other foods. Deer mice cache food, especially seeds, in holes in the ground, in tree cavities, 和 even in bird nests, storing up to 0.6 L (1 pt) in each location for later use. In spite of autumn fat deposition 和 food hoarding, winter starvation is a chief cause of mortality.

活动和运动

的 deer mouse is nocturnal, 和 is most active at twilight. 冬季活动需要 place mainly under snow rather than on its surface, 和 sever cold may limit travel to the vicinity of the nest, or restrict activity to the nest for a few days. 这 semi-arboreal species climbs well, can swim, 和 may forage in shallow water. 的 usual means of locomotion is walking or running, but when pursued, deer mice leap. Individuals that biologists have marked 和 then displaced have returned to their 巢，在旅行中.2 km (2 mi) in two days.

繁殖

繁殖季节 is from late March through October, 和 each female produces 2-4 litters. 后 gestation period of 21-37 days, a female gives birth to 3-11 (average 5 or 6) young. 的 newborn are naked, pink, blind, 和 each weighs about 1.8 g (0.06 oz). 他们的眼睛 open at 14 days, 和 they disperse up to 183 m (600 ft) to establish their own home ranges soon after being weaned at 21-28 days. Young deer mice become sexually mature at 35-60 days, 和 females may produces litters by the end of their first summer. Mortality of young is high, 和 even adults seldom live more that 1-21/2 years, although the potential life span is 8 years.

捕食者

All predators of small mammals take deer mice. Some of these are hawks, owls, snakes, short-tailed shrews, foxes, minks, weasels, bobcats 和 coyotes.

社会行为

• 社会制度 - During the reproductive season, monogamous pairs may live in the same nest or the female may drive her mate away, caring for the young unaided. In some instances, the male remains with older young while the female moves to a new nest to give birth to 下一窝. Although normally solitary except for the breeding season, as many as 15 individuals may share one nest during severe cold spells. 成年人久坐不动 和 occupy small home ranges which average 0.5 ha (1.25 acre) for males 和 0.3 ha (0.75英亩). 首页 ranges of opposite sex may overlap, but not those of 同性.
• 沟通 - Deer mice communicate with visual (posturing), tactile (mutual grooming), chemical 声音信号. Vocalizations include shrieks, squeaks, trills, 和 sharp buzzing. A deer mouse that is disturbed may stamp its front feet rapidly, 和 vibrate the tail to produce a drumming noise.

额外的引用

当J. R. 1973. Identification 和 recent distribution of white-footed mice (选择)在新英格兰. Journal of Mammalogy, 54:41-49.

克莱恩,H.G. 1960. Ecological relationships of 选择leucopus noveboracensis 和 P. 做股薄肌 在纽约中部. Ecological Monographs, 30:387-407.

Parren,年代.G. 1981. Habitat selection by small mammals in a northern hardwood forest. Unpubl. M.S. 论文,大学. 佛蒙特州的. 伯灵顿. 77p.

狼,我.O. 和D.S. ·杜尔. 1986. Winter nesting behaviors of 选择leucopus 和 拉布拉多白足鼠. Journal of Mammalogy, 67:409-412.